Danny Amor's Online Library/Danny Amor's Online Library - Volume 1.iso/html/faqs/faq/compilers-faq

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Subject: comp.compilers monthly message and Frequently Asked Questions
Newsgroups: comp.compilers,news.answers,comp.answers
From: [e-mail] (John R. Levine)
Date: Tue, 1 Nov 1994 12:00:03 GMT

Archive-name: compilers-faq

This is the comp.compilers monthly message, last edited November 1994.

Contents:

-- What is comp.compilers?
-- How do I receive it?
-- How do I submit a message?
-- What happens to submitted messages?
-- How do I respond to the author of a message?
-- How do I contact the moderator?
-- Are back issues available?

-- Some Frequently Asked Questions:

* Where can I get a C or C++ grammar in yacc?
* Where can I get the Gnu C compiler?
* Are there other free C compilers?
* Where can I get a Fortran grammar in yacc or a Fortran compiler?
* Where can I get Modula-2, Pascal, Ada, or SQL grammars in yacc?
* Where can I get a Cobol grammar in yacc?
* Where can I get a Basic grammar in yacc?
* Where can I get a PL/M grammar?
* Are there free versions of yacc and lex ?
* Are there versions of yacc and lex for MS-DOS?
* What other compilers and tools are freely available?
* How can I get started with yacc and lex and compiler writing in general?
* Where can I FTP the sources to the programs in Holub's "Compiler
  Design in C" or Mak's "Writing Compilers and Interpreters" ?

-- What is comp.compilers?

It is a moderated usenet news group addressing the topics of compilers in
particular and programming language design and implementation in general.
It started in 1986 as a moderated mailing list, but interest quickly grew to
the point where it was promoted to a news group.  Recent topics have
included optimization techniques, language design issues, announcements of
new compiler tools, and book reviews.

Messages come from a wide variety of people ranging from undergraduate
students to well-known experts in industry and academia.  Authors live all
over the world -- there are regular messages from the U.S, Canada, Europe,
Australia, and Japan, with occasional ones from as far away as Malaysia.
I cannot tell how large the readership is, since the anarchic nature of
usenet makes it impossible to tell who reads it, but a reasonable guess is
that the total is over 100,000, which would make it by far the most widely
read medium on the topic in the world.

Unless there is specific language to the contrary, each message represents
only the personal opinion of its author.  I claim no compilation copyright on
comp.compilers.  As far as I am concerned, anyone can reproduce any message
for any purpose.  Individual authors may retain rights to their messages,
although I will not knowingly post anything that does not permit unlimited
distribution in any form.  If you find comp.compilers useful in writing a
book, producing a product, etc., I would appreciate an acknowledgement of
usenet and comp.compilers.

-- How do I receive it?

The easiest way is to read comp.compilers on a system that gets usenet news.

If you don't have access to usenet news, it's also available via E-mail via
a LISTSERV forwarder at the American University.  To subscribe a person
should send e-mail to [e-mail] with one line in the mail
message (not in the subject!)  That line should read:

                        SUBSCRIBE COMPIL-L full_name
for example:
                        SUBSCRIBE COMPIL-L Ima Hacker

To get off the list the subscriber should send e-mail to the same address
with the message:       SIGNOFF COMPIL-L

If you have problems getting on or off the list, please contact me.  In
particular, if you want to use an address other than your own personal mail
address, you have to ask me to set it up.  If I receive bounce messages for
an address on the mailing list for two days in a row, I delete it.  If this
happens to you and your address subsequently becomes reachable again, you
can resubscribe.

-- How do I submit a message?

Mail it to [e-mail].  I review messages nearly every day,
usually including weekends, and most messages are posted to the net within
a day after I receive them.  Occasionally when I go on vacation there may
be up to a week's delay, though I try to send out a message when that will
happen.

Most net news systems will automatically turn posted messages into mail to
compilers, but some, particularly systems running notes, don't do that
correctly.  As a result, I sometimes receive hundreds of copies of a
message, all mangled slightly differently.  Please mail your contributions
unless you're sure your posting software works correctly.

When you send a message to compilers, I understand that to mean that you
want me to post it to usenet, which means it will be sent to tens of
thousands of potential readers at thousands of computers all around the
world.  It may also appear in a printed comp.compilers annual and other
books, in printed journals, in on-line and off-line archives, CD-ROMs, and
anywhere else that some reader decides to use it.

If you don't want me to post something, send it instead to
compilers-request.  (See below.)

PLEASE: Format messages with lines of less than 80 characters, since many
news readers (including mine) don't auto-wrap very well.  Also remove quoted
material not immediately germane to your response.  Messages must be in plain
ASCII, not TeX input, troff, SGML, RTF or any other markup language.

-- What happens to submitted messages?

Barring mail problems, they arrive in a special mailbox here at iecc.  I
then edit the headers, trim down quoted text, fix typos and grammatical
errors, remove cute signatures, and then post them to usenet.  If I think a
message needs more editing than that, I return it to the author for
rewriting.  The main reasons I return a message are that it appears more
appropriate for another group, the message is too garbled to fix, it
contains too much quoted material relative to the amount of new material, or
I don't understand it.  I also usually return messages that directly attack
individuals, since the net has plenty of other places for ad-hominem battles.
Another possibility is that a message doesn't have a valid return e-mail
address.  If your mail system insists on putting a bogus address in the From:
line, be sure that you put a usable address in your signature.

If a message asks a simple question I sometimes answer it myself rather than
posting it.  When two or three messages arrive with the same answer to a
question, I usually post only one of them, with a comment crediting the
others.

If you send in a message and don't either see it posted or receive
something back in a few days, it probably got lost in the mail and you
should contact me, preferably via a different mail route.  I post or
respond to all messages except for ones that appear to have been sent by
mistake, e.g. no contents, contents consisting only of another quoted
message, or a personal message for the author of a previous message.
Sometimes when I'm feeling exasperated I disregard messages that re-ask
one of the frequently asked questions that are answered below.

One of the most time-consuming jobs in moderating the group is trimming down
the quotes in followup articles.  In most cases, you can expect readers to
have seen the previous article, so only a few lines of quoted text should be
needed to remind the reader of the context.

I have installed a simple-minded quote filter that mechanically returns to
the sender any message that contains more quoted than unquoted lines.  Please
edit your quotes before you send in a response, to avoid having the filter
bounce your message.  Since the quote filter is pretty dumb, I do look at
bounced messages myself.  If the filter bounces a message of yours by mistake,
don't panic -- it'll get posted anyway.

``Help wanted'' and ``Position Available'' messages are collected each week
and posted in a digest every Sunday.

-- How do I respond to the author of a message?

I try to be sure that every message contains valid From: and Reply-To:
headers.  The automatic "reply" commands in most news readers let you send
mail to the author.  If you're replying to a message in a digest, be sure
to respond to the author of the particular message, not to the pseudo-author
of the digest.

Some obsolete news readers attempt to reply using the Path: header, but for
technical reasons the Path: header in a moderated message cannot point to
the actual author.  In fact, the Path: header in a compilers message is
deliberately a bad mail address, so if you have such a news reader you'll
have to edit the addresses in responses yourself and, I hope, encourage your
system manager to update your news and mail software.

Sometimes mail to an author bounces, either because a gateway isn't
working or because the return address is unregistered or otherwise bad.
Please don't ask me to forward it, since my machine is no better connected
than anyone else's.  (It's just another node on the Internet.)  If
you send me a message obviously intended for the author of an item, I will
discard it on the theory that if it wasn't important enough for you to
send it to the right place, it isn't important enough for me, either.

-- How do I contact the moderator?

Send me mail at [e-mail].  I treat messages to
compilers-request as private messages to me unless they state that they
are for publication.

-- Are back issues available?

I have complete archives going back to the original mailing list in 1986.
The archives now fill about 18 megabytes, and are growing at over 200K per
month.  I update the archives at the end of each month.  People with ftp
access can get them from iecc.com, (140.186.81.1) in directory
pub/articles.  The archives contain a gzipped Unix mailbox format file for
each month, with names like 91-08.gz.  Directory pub/index contains index
files, one for each year.  The current network software at iecc.com is buggy,
so although FTP works, it can be excruciatingly slow.  The archives are
updated every night.

The archives are available via modem from Channel One, an excellent local
BBS.  You have to register, but no payment is needed to download the
archives which are in Area 6.  (If you call more than once or twice, it
would be nice to sign up for at least the $25 trial membership.)  The 2400
BPS telephone number is [phone], and the Telebit number is +1 617
354 0470.  There is a ZIP format archive per month with names like
comp9108.zip, with the most recent archive also containing the index.

There is now a mail server at [e-mail] that can mail you
indexes, messages, and the files mentioned below.  Send it a message
containing "help" to get started.

I have also published a printed edition of the 1990 messages grouped by
thread and topic, and with some indexes, and may publish subsequent
editions.  (If you'd be intereted in editing books for later years, let me
know.)  See the message which should immediately follow this one for
further details on the 1990 book.

-- Some Frequently Asked Questions:

NOTE: Many issues are discussed occasionally on comp.compilers, but not
frequently enought to make the FAQ sheet.  If you have a question but the
answer isn't in the FAQ, you may well be able to get good background by
reading the appropriate articles in the archive.  If you can FTP, please
at least get the index and look through it.

The various files that I mention below that I have are in the compilers
archive at iecc.com, and are also available from the mail server mentioned
above.  If you can FTP them, please do so rather than using the mail
server, since the mail bandwith is quite small.

* Where can I get a C or C++ grammar in yacc?

Jim Roskind's well-known C and C++ grammars are in the archive, as is
a C grammar written by Jeff Lee.  Dave Jones posted a parser as
message 91-09-030.  Another C grammar was posted to comp.sources.misc
in June 1990, v13 i52, archive name ansi-c_su.  GCC and G++ are based
on yacc grammars, see below.

* Where can I get the Gnu C compiler?

GCC is a high-quality free C and C++ compiler.  (Free is not the same as
public domain, see the GCC distribution for details.)  It is available in
source from prep.ai.mit.edu.  You need an existing C compiler and
libraries to bootstrap it.

A development system called "djgpp" by DJ Delorie <[e-mail]> is based
on gcc and other GNU programs, and runs on 386 or higher PCs running
MS-DOS.  This is available by FTP from the SimTel archives (primary mirror
is oak.oakland.edu) in the directory pub/msdos/djgpp.

* Are there other free C compilers?

The lcc compiler, written by people at Princeton and Bell Labs, is
available via FTP from ftp.cs.princeton.edu in /pub/lcc.  It is supposed
to generate code nearly as good as GCC while being considerably faster and
smaller.  It comes with a demonstration VAX code generator and
documentation on the code generation interfaces.  Production code
generators for the VAX, MIPS, and Motorola 68020 are available for
research use to universities willing to execute a license agreement; the
FTP package elaborates.  Lcc uses a hard-coded C parser because it's
faster than yacc.

* Where can I get a Fortran grammar in yacc or a Fortran compiler?

I have a small subset parser in the archive at iecc.com.  The F2C
Fortran to C translator is a respectable Fortran system (so long as
you have a C compiler to compile its output and its libraries) and
contains a full F77 parser and is available in source form via FTP
from netlib.att.com and by mail from [e-mail].

* Where can I get Modula-2, Pascal, Ada, or SQL grammars in yacc?

I have one each of those, too, in the archive at iecc.com, though I
haven't tried to use any of them.

* Where can I get a Cobol grammar in yacc?

Nowhere for free, as far as I can tell.  This question is asked every few
months and there has never, ever, been any positive response. Perhaps some
of the interested people could get together and write one.  The commercial
PCYACC from Abraxas (see below) comes with a bunch of sample grammars
including one for Cobol-85.

Also see the Cobol FAQ posted monthly to comp.lang.misc and alt.cobol.

* Where can I get a Basic grammar in yacc?

Take a look at ftp.uu.net:usenet/comp.sources.unix/volume2/basic which
contains a Basic interpreter with yacc parser.

* Where can I get a PL/M grammar?

There's one in the archives at iecc.com, called plm.shar.  Also see message
94-03-062 for a report on a PL/M to C translator.

* Are there free versions of yacc and lex ?

Vern Paxton's flex is a superior reimplementation of lex.  It is available
from the same places as Gnu sources, but is not subject to the Gnu
copyleft.  Berkeley Yacc is a quite compatible PD version of yacc by Bob
Corbett, available as ~ftp/pub/byacc.tar.Z on okeeffe.berkeley.edu.  Gnu
Bison is derived from an earlier version of Corbett's work and is also
fairly compatible with yacc.  A byacc extension that displays graphically
the progress of a parse can be found in Jim Roskind's C++ grammar in the
FTP compilers archive.  (The files are too big for the mail archive,
sorry.)

* Are there versions of yacc and lex for MS-DOS?

There are several of them.  Commercial versions are MKS lex&yacc from MKS
in Waterloo Ont., [phone] or [e-mail], and PCYACC from
Abraxas Software in Portland OR, [phone].  Both include both yacc
and lex along with a lot of sample code.

The standard flex source compiles under the usual DOS compilers, although
you may want to make some of the buffers smaller.  A DOS version of Bison
is on wuarchive.wustl.edu [128.252.135.4] and other servers under
/mirrors/msdos/txtutl/bison111.zip. See message 92-07-012 for more info.

* What other compilers and tools are freely available?

There is a five-part FAQ posting in comp.compilers and other groups
listing compiler tools freely available in source form, maintained by
Steve Robenalt <[e-mail]>.  It is posted
monthly, usually right after this message.  If it's not on your system,
you can FTP it from rtfm.mit.edu in the directory
/pub/usenet/news.answers/free-compilers, or via mail by sending a message
to to [e-mail] with the command "send
usenet/news.answers/free-compilers/*" in the text.

* How can I get started with yacc and lex and compiler writing in general?

By reading any of the many books on the topic.  Here are a few of them.
Also see message 93-01-155 which reviews many compiler textbooks.

Aho, Sethi, and Ullman, "Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools,"
Addison Wesley, 1986, ISBN 0-201-10088-6, the "dragon book".

Describes clearly and completely lexing and parsing techniques including
the ones in yacc and lex.  The authors work or have worked at Bell Labs
with Steve Johnson and Mike Lesk, the authors of Yacc and Lex.

Alan Holub, "Compiler Design in C," Prentice-Hall, 1990, ISBN
0-13-155045-4.

A large book containing the complete source code to a reimplementation of
yacc and lex and a C compiler.  Quite well written, too, though it has a
lot of errors.  The fourth printing is supposed to correct most of them.
An errata list is in message 90-06-081.

John R. Levine (that's me), Tony Mason, and Doug Brown, ``Lex & Yacc,''
2nd Edition, O'Reilly and Associates, 1992, ISBN 1-56592-000-7, $29.95.

A concise introduction with completely worked out examples and an
extensive reference section.  The new edition is completely revised from
the earlier 1990 edition.  Source code can be FTP'ed from ftp.ora.com.

Donnely and Stallman, "The Bison Manual," part of the on-line distrubution
of the FSF's Bison, a reimplementation of yacc.  As with everything else from
the FSF, full source code is included.

Axel T. Schreiner and H. George Friedman, Jr., "Introduction to Compiler
Construction with UNIX," Prentice-Hall, 1985.

Oriented to tutorial work.  Good for beginners.  Develops a small
subset-of-C compiler through the book.  (Recommended by Eric Hughes
<[e-mail]>.)  Richard Hash <[e-mail]> comments that
the book has many typographical errors, and readers should be suspicious
of the examples until they actually try them.  Richard Y. Kim
<[e-mail]> reports that sources are available for FTP as
a.cs.uiuc.edu:pub/friedman/tar.

Bennett, J.P. "Introduction to Compiling Techniques - A First Course Using
Ansi C, Lex and Yacc," McGraw Hill Book Co, 1990, ISBN 0-07-707215-4.

It's intended for a first course in modern compiler techniques, is very
clearly written, and has a full chapter on YACC.  I found it to be a good
introductory text before getting into the 'Dragon book'.  (Recommended by
John Merlin <[e-mail]>.)  Source code is available
at ftp.bath.ac.uk.

Charles N. Fischer & Richard J. LeBlanc, "Crafting A Compiler", Benjamin
Cummings Publishing, Menlo Park, CA, 1988, ISBN 0-8053-3201-4.  There's
also a revised version as of 1990 or 1991 titled "Crafting A Compiler in
C", with all examples in C (the original used ADA/CS).

Erich Nahum <[e-mail]> writes: A key compiler reference.  We
used the original to great effect in Eliot Moss' graduate compiler
construction class here at UMass.  My feeling is that Fischer & LeBlanc is
a good tutorial, and one should use Aho, Sethi, & Ullman as a reference.

Des Watson, "High-Level Languages and Their Compilers," International
Computer Science Series, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Wokingham
England, 1989.

Adrian Howard <[e-mail]> writes: This is the kindest,
most readable introduction to compilers at the graduate level I have ever
read - an excellent example of what textbooks should all be like.

W.M. Waite and G. Goos, "Compiler Construction," Springer-Verlag, New
York, 1984.

Dick Grune <[e-mail]> writes: A theoretical approach to compiler
construction. Refreshing in that it gives a completely new view of many
subjects. Heavy reading, high information density.

J.P. Tremblay and P.G. Sorenson, "The Theory and Practice of Compiler
Writing," McGraw-Hill, 1985.

Dick Grune <[e-mail]> writes: Extensive and detailed. Heavy reading.
To be consulted when other sources fail.

James E. Hendrix, "The Small-C Compiler", 2nd ed., M&T Books, ISBN
0-934375-88-7 <Book Alone>, 1-55851-007-9 <MS-DOS Disk>, 0-934375-97-6
<Book and Disk>.

William Jhun <[e-mail]> writes: It explaines the C-language is
thorough....and explains every single aspect of the compiler. The book
compares source code to p-code to assembly. It goes over a nice set of
optimization routines, explains the parser, the back end, and even
includes source code, which the compiler on the disk can actually compile
itself. It's an extremely interesting book, check it out.

Ronald Mak, "Writing Compilers and Interpreters: An Applied Approach",
1991, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-50968-X.

Andrew Tucker <[e-mail]> writes: This 512-page book presents
a strictly hands on approach, developing a Pascal interpreter and
interactive debugger, then completing with a compiler which emits 8086
assembly.  All source code is provided in print and on disk.  This book is
very low to non-existent in theoretical content, but is very practical and
readable for an introduction.  Taylor Hutt <[e-mail]>
comments that the book is a piece of junk.  The code that is contained in
the book is full of bugs, and the code that it generates will not work.

"The Art of Compiler Design", Thomas Pittman & James Peters, Prentice-Hall
International, 1992, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632, 0-13-046160-1

Franklin L. Vermeulen <[e-mail]> writes: This is a very
nicely written and straightforward text on compiler construction.  There
is a certain (unavoidable?) amount of overlap with a course on automata
(as in Aho, Sethi and Ullman).  It is based on Modula-2 and on an
experimental tool, the TAG compiler-compiler (Transformational Attribute
Grammar) which seems to be a C-independent superset of lex/yacc, because
its syntax allows you to specify all semantic actions without a single
line of C-code (or any other implementation language, for that matter).

A. Pyster, "Compiler Design and Constuction (Tools and Techniques)",
Second Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN: 0-442-27536-6.

Gabriela O. de Vivo <[e-mail]> writes: The book covers the
general principles of compiler design and presents a good number of
examples focusing on the building of pieceparts of compilers for C and
Pascal.  The implementation (construction) language is C.  Note that this
edition (in contrast with the previous one) is very related to the Unix
world, including the use of tools like Lex, Yacc, and standard utilities.

If anyone sends in others, I'll be happy to add them to the list.

* Where can I FTP the sources to the programs in Holub's "Compiler
Design in C" or Mak's "Writing Compilers and Interpreters" ?

You can't.  In each book there's ordering information for diskettes with
the code.

Regards,
John Levine, comp.compilers moderator
--
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